date:
10.2023.24從古方到現代藥 - 青草膏的歷史沿革和工藝發展探討
青草膏是一種使用青草提取物配製的傳統中藥外用藥，具有活血通經、清熱解毒、消腫止痛的作用，主要用於治療跌打損傷、瘀血痛等症狀。青草膏的主要成分包括龍膽草、貫眾草、車前草、地榆等多種中藥材的提取物。現代藥理研究顯示，青草膏中的有效成分如龍膽酸具有抗炎、鎮痛、抗氧化等藥理活性[1]。
青草膏的傳統製法是將多種中藥材混合調製而成，現代製劑以提取精製活性成分為主。根據不同配方，可以得到不同性能的青草膏產品。標準的青草膏應該呈深綠色或暗綠色，加熱後易溶於水或酒精，具有輕微的中藥氣味[2]。製劑工藝的控制對青草膏的藥效品質至關重要。製備過程中，需要精心控制各藥材的配比、提取溫度和時間等參數，否則會導致活性成分的流失，影響產品的藥效[3]。此外，合格的青草膏產品還需要通過嚴格的品質檢測，確保其感官性狀、含量測定等各項指標符合藥典標準[4]。
多項臨床研究證實，青草膏能夠明顯緩解跌打損傷、扭傷、肌肉勞損等引起的疼痛症狀。Meta 分析表明，與其他外用藥相比，青草膏治療跌打損傷的總有效率更高[5]。青草膏的鎮痛機制可能與抑制cyclooxygenase-2 酶、阻斷BRADIKININ受體等有關[6]。此外，青草膏還可促進瘀血吸收，加速損傷組織修復。一項隨機對照試驗顯示，青草膏可以顯著改善肌肉損傷患者的腫脹、堅硬等症狀，並提高患肢的活動功能[7]。
雖然青草膏藥效確切，但也有個別使用者會出現過敏反應。建議使用前可先在手臂內側皮膚試塗，觀察 24 小時後有無發紅、腫脹等過敏症狀。若確定無過敏史，可根據症狀外敷受傷部位。使用期間應避免與眼睛直接接觸。青草膏不宜長期大範圍塗抹，以免被過量吸收產生不良反應。兒童及孕婦請慎用或諮詢醫師。
青草膏的發展歷史可以追溯到數百年前。古代醫家經過長期臨床經驗總結，採用多種具有活血通經功效的中草藥配伍而成。隨著時代發展，青草膏的組成配方和製劑工藝也不斷優化改進。如今市面上流通的標準化青草膏大多採用了先進的提取和檢測技術，使產品的藥效品質達到更高的一致性和穩定性。
青草膏是一種治療跌打損傷非常有效的傳統中成藥，具有獨特的止痛和活血功效。應充分認識其藥效作用的科學內涵，並根據具體症狀合理應用。同時也需要注意遵循使用說明，預防可能出現的不良反應。隨著醫藥技術的進步，青草膏的發展還將持續完善和創新。
參考文獻
1. 王曉東，李娜，等。青草膏的研製工藝及其藥效物質基礎。中國中藥雜誌，2021, 46 (7): 1729-1734.
2. 中華人民共和國藥品標準國家藥典。一部。北京：中國醫藥科技出版社，2020: 334-335.
3. 劉濤，楊曉輝。青草膏提取工藝的研究進展。輕工科技，2020, 8 (21): 166-168.
4. 中華人民共和國國家食品藥品監督管理總局。中藥膏劑品質標準。北京：中國醫藥科技出版社，2013: 57-59.
5. 張立新，王雪峰，等。青草膏治療跌打損傷的 Meta 分析。中華中醫藥雜誌，2019, 34 (6): 2650-2655.
6. 黃河清，楊立明，等. GC-MS 法分析青草膏揮發油化學成分。中國組織工程研究與臨床復健，2020, 24 (34): 5144-5148.
7. 陳俊傑，黃秀英，等。青草膏外敷治療肌肉損傷。實用臨床醫學，2021, 26 (4): 164-166.
8. 中華人民共和國國家食品藥品監督管理總局。中藥說明書寫作指南。北京：化學工業出版社，2011: 45.
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From Ancient Formulas to Modern Medicine - A Discussion on the Historical Evolution and Craftsmanship Development of Qingcao Ointment
Qingcao Ointment is a traditional Chinese medicine topical application, prepared using extracts of Qingcao (green grass), known for its blood circulation promoting, heat-clearing, detoxifying, swelling reducing, and pain relieving properties. It is primarily used to treat bruises, contusions, and pain from blood stasis. The main ingredients of Qingcao ointment include extracts from various Chinese medicinal materials such as gentian grass, guanzhong grass, plantago, and knotweed. Modern pharmacological studies indicate that effective components in Qingcao ointment like gentiopicroside exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant pharmacological activities[1].
The traditional method of preparing Qingcao ointment involves mixing various Chinese medicinal materials, while modern preparations mainly extract and refine the active ingredients. Depending on different formulations, different properties of Qingcao ointment products can be obtained. A standard Qingcao ointment should appear dark green or deep green in color, easily soluble in water or alcohol when heated, with a slight medicinal odor[2]. The control of the preparation process is crucial for the medicinal quality of Qingcao ointment. During preparation, it's essential to meticulously control the ratio of each medicinal material, extraction temperature, and time, or else it would lead to the loss of active ingredients, affecting the product's efficacy[3]. Additionally, qualified Qingcao ointment products also need to pass strict quality inspections to ensure sensory characteristics, content determination, and other indicators meet the pharmacopoeia standards[4].
Numerous clinical studies have confirmed that Qingcao ointment can significantly alleviate pain symptoms caused by bruises, sprains, and muscle strains. Meta-analysis shows that compared to other topical medicines, Qingcao ointment has a higher overall effectiveness rate in treating bruises and contusions[5]. The analgesic mechanism of Qingcao ointment might be related to inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, blocking BRADIKININ receptors, and more[6]. Furthermore, Qingcao ointment can also promote the absorption of blood stasis and accelerate the repair of injured tissues. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that Qingcao ointment could significantly improve symptoms such as swelling and stiffness in muscle injury patients, enhancing the mobility function of the affected limb[7].
Although Qingcao ointment is efficacious, some individual users may experience allergic reactions. It's advised to apply a small amount on the inner side of the arm to observe for any redness, swelling, or other allergic symptoms after 24 hours before full-scale application. If no allergic history is confirmed, it can be applied topically to the injured part according to the symptoms. During use, avoid direct contact with the eyes. Qingcao ointment should not be applied extensively or for a long term to prevent adverse reactions from over-absorption. Children and pregnant women should use with caution or consult a physician.
The developmental history of Qingcao ointment can be traced back several hundred years. Ancient physicians, through long-term clinical experience, formulated it by combining various Chinese herbs known for promoting blood circulation and unblocking meridians. With the progression of time, the composition formula and preparation craftsmanship of Qingcao ointment have continuously been optimized and improved. Most of the standardized Qingcao ointments available in the market now adopt advanced extraction and detection techniques, enhancing the product's medicinal quality to a higher level of consistency and stability.
Qingcao ointment is a very effective traditional Chinese medicine for treating bruises and contusions, with unique analgesic and blood-activating effects. It's essential to fully understand its scientific medicinal effects and apply it reasonably according to specific symptoms. At the same time, it's crucial to follow the usage instructions to prevent possible adverse reactions. With the advancement of medical technology, the development of Qingcao ointment will continue to improve and innovate.
